Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

534
Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
534
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

6.9K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
6.9K
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

967
Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
967
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

597
The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
597
Reinforcements in Concrete01:25

Reinforcements in Concrete

505
Reinforced concrete is a composite material used extensively in construction, combining the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. This synergy is essential as concrete, while excellent at resisting compression, is weak under tension. Steel bars, or rebars, are embedded in the concrete to handle these tensile forces. The choice of steel is strategic; it shares a similar coefficient of thermal expansion with concrete, which ensures uniformity in response to...
505
Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

435
Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
435

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pigeons' landmark use as revealed in a 'feature-positive', digitized landscape, touchscreen paradigm.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus ) use spatial memory in foraging for food to hoard.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Intrusion of stereotyped responding in pigeon spatial memory tasks.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Signals for food facilitate gerbils' foraging behaviour.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Computer simulation of pigeons' performance on a spatial memory task.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Further support for the "drift" model of pigeons' short-term memory for spatial location.

Behavioural processes·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage
04:49

A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage

Published on: June 6, 2025

965

Signalled reinforcement in multiple and concurrent schedules.

D M Wilkie

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |July 1, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    Behavioral contrast occurred in pigeons when reinforcement schedules were signaled. However, pigeons did not always prefer signaled reinforcement, challenging existing behavioral contrast theories.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral psychology
    • Animal behavior studies
    • Operant conditioning

    Background:

    • Behavioral contrast is a phenomenon where an organism's rate of responding changes in one component of a multiple schedule when the reinforcement conditions in another component are changed.
    • This effect is often explained by the relative value of the components, where a decrease in reinforcement in one component leads to an increase in responding in the other.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate behavioral contrast in pigeons under multiple and concurrent variable-interval schedules.
    • To examine the role of signaled reinforcement availability in modulating behavioral contrast.
    • To test predictions of behavioral contrast theory regarding preference for signaled versus non-signaled reinforcement.

    Main Methods:

    • Five pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent variable-interval reinforcement schedules.

    More Related Videos

    A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli
    07:15

    A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

    Published on: December 11, 2014

    14.2K
    Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement
    07:32

    Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

    Published on: August 20, 2010

    20.0K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

    A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage
    04:49

    A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage

    Published on: June 6, 2025

    965
    A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli
    07:15

    A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

    Published on: December 11, 2014

    14.2K
    Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement
    07:32

    Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

    Published on: August 20, 2010

    20.0K
  • Reinforcement availability was signaled in one component during certain experimental phases, while it remained unsignaled in another.
  • Behavioral allocation and response rates were recorded.

    • Main Results:

    • Behavioral contrast was observed in seven out of eight instances when reinforcement availability was signaled in multiple schedules.
    • Under concurrent schedules with signaled reinforcement, pigeons did not consistently allocate more time to the component with non-signaled reinforcement.
    • This finding contradicts predictions that contrast arises from a less-preferred condition in one component.

    Conclusions:

    • Signaled reinforcement can elicit behavioral contrast in pigeons under specific schedule arrangements.
    • The results challenge the assumption that behavioral contrast solely results from the relative value of schedule components.
    • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying preference and allocation in the presence of signaled reinforcement.