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Negatively reinforced key pecking.

P Lewis, L Lewin, M Stoyak

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |July 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Pigeons learned to peck a key to avoid electric shock, demonstrating negative reinforcement. This behavior persisted even without food rewards, showing shock

    Area of Science:

    • Animal behavior
    • Behavioral neuroscience
    • Operant conditioning

    Background:

    • Negative reinforcement, where a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus, is a key concept in learning theory.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of negative reinforcement is crucial for various applications, including behavioral modification and understanding avoidance behaviors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the establishment and maintenance of negatively reinforced key pecking in pigeons using a reinforcement-switching procedure.
    • To examine the relationship between shock intensity, frequency, and response rate in pigeons under negative reinforcement.

    Main Methods:

    • A reinforcement-switching procedure was employed with pigeons, initially conditioning key pecking with food reinforcement.
    • Intermittent shock was gradually introduced and increased in intensity within the initial link of a chain schedule.

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  • Food reinforcement in the terminal link was subsequently eliminated, leaving shock as the sole maintaining consequence.

    • Main Results:

    • Pigeons reliably engaged in key pecking to avoid intermittent shock, even in the absence of food reinforcement.
    • Response rates were directly correlated with shock frequency, indicating a dose-dependent relationship.
    • Three out of four pigeons maintained consistent responding across various shock intensities (90, 70, 50 V), while one pigeon required a minimum of 90 V.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully demonstrated the establishment of negatively reinforced key pecking in pigeons through a reinforcement-switching procedure.
    • Negative reinforcement can maintain key pecking behavior independently of positive reinforcement (food) in pigeons.
    • Response rate is a function of shock frequency, highlighting the quantitative relationship in aversive control.