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Related Experiment Videos

Behavior simultaneously maintained by both presentation and termination of noxious stimuli.

J E Barrett, R D Spealman

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |May 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Squirrel monkeys learned to press levers for shock avoidance and shock presentation. This demonstrates that positive and negative reinforcement can coexist, even when using the same event.

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    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral psychology
    • Animal behavior studies

    Background:

    • Positive and negative reinforcement are typically viewed as distinct behavioral processes.
    • Understanding how these processes interact is crucial for behavioral science.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the coexistence of positive and negative reinforcement within a single experimental paradigm.
    • To examine how different schedules of reinforcement influence lever-pressing behavior in squirrel monkeys.

    Main Methods:

    • Squirrel monkeys were trained on two levers with different shock-related schedules.
    • One lever involved response-produced electric shock (positive reinforcement).
    • The other lever involved termination of shock presentation (negative reinforcement).

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    Main Results:

    • Higher, constant rates of lever pressing occurred when responses produced shock.
    • Lower, accelerating rates occurred when responses terminated the shock schedule.
    • Reversing schedules reversed response patterns; increasing shock intensity amplified both response types, particularly shock presentation.

    Conclusions:

    • Behavior can be simultaneously maintained by both the presentation of an event and the termination of a stimulus associated with that event.
    • Positive and negative reinforcement can coexist and interact when behavior is controlled by different contingencies involving the same event.