Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Training Laboratory Rabbits to Refine Routine Husbandry Procedures
Published on: February 16, 2024
Effects of response-independent negative reinforcers on negatively reinforced key pecking
Abstract:
Previous research has shown that presenting response-independent positive reinforcers reduces the response rate of an operant maintained by positive reinforcement. The present experiment investigated a similar effect using shock-free time as a negative reinforcer. Brief shocks were delivered in the presence of a distinctive stimulus, and pigeon's key pecks were reinforced by the occasional presentation of a 2-minute shock-free period. Extra 2-minute shock-free periods were added independently of behavior. For each of three pigeons, response rate during shock-on periods declined with added shock-free periods; the more frequently the extra shock-free periods occurred the greater the decline in response rate. This outcome is predicted by extending the Law of Effect to include negative reinforcement.
Related Concept Videos
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
Punishment
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.
Timing and Consequences on Behavior
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...
Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...
Operant Conditioning Intervention
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

