British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)·2001
Area of Science:
Developmental Psychology
Behavioral Economics
Operant Conditioning
Background:
Understanding how children make decisions involving delayed rewards is crucial for developmental psychology and behavioral economics.
Children's sensitivity to reinforcer density, a key factor in intertemporal choice, develops over time.
Previous research indicates age-related differences in delay discounting, but the specific mechanisms are not fully understood.
Purpose of the Study:
To investigate children's sensitivity to changes in reinforcer density under different conditions.
To examine age-related differences in intertemporal choice, specifically focusing on reinforcer size and delay.
To explore the developmental trajectory of adaptive decision-making in children.
Main Methods:
Concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement were used to assess choice behavior in children aged 6, 9, and 12 years.
Reinforcer density was manipulated by varying reinforcer size (number of tokens) and prereinforcer delay (time until reward).
Titration procedures were employed in a second experiment to further assess delay insensitivity.
Main Results:
Children of all ages were sensitive to changes in reinforcer density resulting from altered reinforcer size.
Only 12-year-olds demonstrated sensitivity to changes in reinforcer density caused by manipulating prereinforcer delay.
Younger children (6-year-olds) showed a strong preference for larger, delayed rewards, increasing the delay, while older children (12-year-olds) balanced choices.
Conclusions:
Children's ability to adaptively manage delayed rewards develops in stages.
Sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude appears earlier than sensitivity to prereinforcer delay in decision-making.
These findings suggest a two-stage developmental process for adaptive intertemporal choice in children.