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Related Experiment Videos

Inverse relations between preference and contrast.

B A Williams

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |September 1, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Pigeons showed increased response rates when a schedule was followed by extinction (positive contrast), but negative contrast effects were not anticipatory. Preference patterns revealed a dissociation between positive and negative contrast.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral psychology
    • Animal cognition

    Background:

    • Anticipatory contrast is a phenomenon where response rates change based on expected future reinforcement.
    • Previous research has established positive anticipatory contrast, but negative anticipatory contrast remains less understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate positive and negative anticipatory contrast in pigeons using a multiple schedule.
    • To examine the relationship between response rate, stimulus preference, and reinforcement value.

    Main Methods:

    • Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules where target components were followed by same-valued schedules, extinction, or higher-valued schedules.
    • Response rates during target components were recorded.
    • Stimulus preference was assessed using choice tests.

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    Main Results:

    • Positive anticipatory contrast was replicated, with higher response rates when schedules were followed by extinction.
    • Negative contrast effects were not specifically anticipatory.
    • Preference patterns showed a dissociation: no preference for positive contrast, but a preference for the stimulus followed by a higher value schedule in negative contrast.

    Conclusions:

    • A functional dissociation exists between positive and negative contrast concerning stimulus value.
    • Results suggest an inverse relationship between response rate and preference.
    • Existing theories of contrast based on relative value may need revision.