Screening and identification of substances that regulate nephrin gene expression using engineered reporter podocytes

Downregulation of nephrin in podocytes leads to development of proteinuria in human and experimental kidney diseases. However, little is understood about pathophysiologic substances that regulate nephrin expression. In this report, we established conditionally immortalized reporter podocytes REPON for sensitive, continuous monitoring of nephrin gene expression. A murine podocyte cell line harboring a temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T antigen was stably transfected with a gene encoding secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under the control of the 5.4 or 8.3 kb nephrin gene promoter. The established reporter cells REPON5.4 and REPON8.3 were exposed to various pathophysiologic substances, and culture media were subjected to SEAP assay to identify regulators of nephrin gene expression. Among the bioactive substances tested, three physiological ligands of nuclear receptors including all-trans-retinoic acid, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and dexamethasone significantly activated the nephrin gene promoter in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were observed in both REPON5.4 and REPON8.3 and were associated with upregulation of nephrin mRNA. The effects of these substances were synergistic, and the maximum effect was observed by combination of three agents. In contrast, inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as phorbol ester significantly downregulated the activity of the nephrin promoter as well as nephrin gene expression. These results elucidated the bidirectional regulation of nephrin by distinct pathophysiologic substances and may provide molecular bases for explaining how proteinuria is induced under pathologic situations and why some ligands for nuclear receptors have the anti-proteinuric potential.