[The search for better markers for prostate cancer than prostate-specific antigen]

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is currently the most important biochemical marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Because of the limited specificity of PSA, clinically irrelevant tumours and benign abnormalities are also detected that potentially lead to over-treatment and the accompanying physical and emotional burden for the patient. In addition, PSA is used as an indicator of progression or clinical response after treatment for prostate cancer, but the prognostic value of this marker is limited. Current studies are evaluating a number of alternative markers, such as PSA-related parameters, human kallikrein 2, osteoprotegerin and the gene DD3(PCA3), that may improve the specificity of current PSA-based diagnostics and the prognostic value of PSA.