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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Isolating, Sequencing and Analyzing Extracellular MicroRNAs from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Isolating, Sequencing and Analyzing Extracellular MicroRNAs from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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RNA-quality control by the exosome.

Jonathan Houseley1, John LaCava, David Tollervey

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK. d.tollervey@ed.ac.uk

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|July 11, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The eukaryotic exosome complex, crucial for RNA processing and degradation, has had its regulatory mechanisms and structure illuminated. New research reveals surprising parallels in RNA degradation between bacteria and eukaryotes.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The exosome complex, a key 3'-->5' exoribonuclease, is vital for RNA processing and degradation in eukaryotic cells.
  • Its roles span nuclear RNA precursor maturation and cytoplasmic RNA turnover.
  • Mechanisms for substrate discrimination within the exosome pathway remained largely undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing the exosome complex.
  • To understand the structural basis of exosome function.
  • To investigate potential similarities in RNA degradation pathways between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not specify methods.

Main Results:

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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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  • Recent studies have provided novel insights into the regulation and structure of the exosome.
  • Striking similarities were identified between bacterial and eukaryotic RNA degradation processes.

Conclusions:

  • The exosome complex plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic RNA metabolism.
  • Understanding exosome regulation and structure is critical for comprehending RNA processing.
  • Comparative studies highlight conserved mechanisms in RNA degradation across different domains of life.