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Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
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Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
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Personal identity is the deeply felt sense of self that individuals cultivate over time, intricately woven from intrinsic qualities they consider essential to their existence—qualities such as morality, intelligence, and friendliness. These attributes serve as vital internal benchmarks, guiding individuals in evaluating whether their actions resonate with their true selves.When personal identity takes center stage in one's life, individuals often emphasize their distinctiveness, highlighting...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level
11:49

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Published on: November 17, 2013

[IFL].

Kentaro Yamazaki1, Takayuki Yoshino, Narikazu Boku

  • 1Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|July 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (LV) showed improved outcomes for metastatic colorectal cancer but had higher toxicity. Oxaliplatin-based regimens (FOLFOX) offer similar efficacy with improved safety, becoming a standard first-line treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Oncology
  • Gastrointestinal Oncology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment has evolved with combination chemotherapy regimens.
  • Initial triple therapy (irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin) showed promise but raised toxicity concerns.
  • Comparative studies are crucial for optimizing first-line treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of different chemotherapy regimens for metastatic colorectal cancer.
  • To compare irinotecan-based (IFL) and oxaliplatin-based (FOLFOX) regimens.
  • To establish optimal first-line treatment standards for metastatic CRC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized clinical trials comparing IFL, FOLFOX, and 5-FU/LV regimens.

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  • Analysis of response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival.
  • Assessment of treatment-related toxicities, including neutropenia and diarrhea.

    • Main Results:

    • The IFL regimen demonstrated superior response rates and survival compared to 5-FU/LV, but with increased toxicity.
    • FOLFOX regimens showed comparable efficacy to IFL but with a potentially better safety profile.
    • INT trial 9741 and European trial V 308 highlighted the benefits of oxaliplatin and irinotecan combinations.

    Conclusions:

    • While IFL offers survival benefits, its toxicity profile is a concern.
    • FOLFIRI and FOLFOX regimens are now considered standard first-line options for metastatic CRC due to their balance of efficacy and safety.
    • Ongoing research aims to further refine treatment strategies for metastatic colorectal cancer.