Intramolecular charge-transfer state formation of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile in acetonitrile solution:...

Intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state formation of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile in acetonitrile solution is studied by the reference interaction site model self-consistent field (RISM-SCF) method. Geometry optimizations are performed for each electronic state in solution with the complete-active-space SCF wave functions. Dynamic electron correlation effects are taken into account by using the multiconfigurational quasidegenerate perturbation theory. Two-dimensional free energy surfaces are constructed as the function of the twisting and wagging angles of the dimethylamino group for the ground and locally excited (LE) states. The calculated absorption and fluorescence energies are in good agreement with experiments. The validity of the twisted ICT (TICT) model is confirmed in explaining the dual fluorescence, and the possibility of the planar ICT model is ruled out. To examine the mechanism of the TICT state formation, a "crossing" seam between the LE and charge-transfer (CT) state surfaces is determined. The inversion of two electronic states occurs at a relatively small twisting angle. The effect of solvent reorganization is also examined. It is concluded that the intramolecular twisting coordinate is more important than the solvent fluctuation for the TICT state formation, because the energy difference between the two states is minimally dependent on the solvent configuration.