Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: multiple molecular mechanisms

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth condition with an increased risk of developing embryonic tumours, such as Wilms' tumour. The cardinal features are abdominal wall defects, macroglossia and gigantism. BWS is generally sporadic; only 10-15% of cases are familial. A variety of molecular aberrations have been associated with BWS. The only mutations within a gene are loss-of-function mutations in the CDKN1C gene, which codes for an imprinted cell-cycle regulator. CDKN1C mutations appear to be particularly associated with umbilical abnormalities, but not with increased predisposition to Wilms' tumour. In the remaining BWS subgroups, a disturbance of the tight epigenetic regulation of gene expression (patUPD 11p, microdeletions or epimutations) seems to be the cause of the syndrome. Here we describe the clinical presentation of BWS and its dissociation from phenotypically overlapping overgrowth syndromes. We then review the current concepts of causative molecular genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and discuss future directions of research.