Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
Published on: June 2, 2018
Irene E. Loewenfeld, PhD Physiologist of the pupil
Abstract:
Irene E. Loewenfeld, PhD has devoted a long and vigorous professional life to understanding the workings of the pupil of the human eye. Her interest in the pupil began in 1940 when she went to work as a technician in the pupillography laboratory of Professor Otto Lowenstein at New York University. It culminated in her widely admired textbook The Pupil, published in 1993. Among her many contributions, Loewenfeld provided rigorous observations about Adie tonic pupil, anisocoria in optic tract lesions, Argyll Robertson pupil, oculomotor paresis with cyclic spasms, and innovations in electronic recordings of pupil movement.
Related Concept Videos
Anatomy of the Eyeball
Focusing of Light in the Eye

