Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 6, 2026

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
Published on: February 15, 2019
Changes in secondary metabolism during stromatal ontogeny of Hypoxylon fragiforme
Marc Stadler1, Dang Ngoc Quang, Ayumi Tomita
1Intermed Discovery GmbH, BioMedizin Zentrum Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. marc.stadler@t-online.de
Abstract:
Stromata of Hypoxylon fragiforme were studied during the vegetation period by hplc profiling, revealing changes in the composition during stromatal development. Cytochalasin H and two new cytochalasins named fragiformins A-B were identified as major constituents of the young, maturing stromata, whereas mature, ascogenous material yielded large amounts of mitorubrin-type azaphilones. The above compounds, further cytochalasins from Xylariaceae and other fungi, and additional azaphilones of the mitorubrin type were assayed for their nematicidal effects against Caenorhabditis elegans and their antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and various filamentous fungi. The results confirmed data in the literature on broad-spectrum non-selective activities of azaphilones and cytochalasins in biological systems. Most interestingly, laboratory cultures of the above Hypoxylon spp. mainly produced dihydroisocoumarin derivatives and were found devoid of mitorubrins and cytochalasins. These rather drastic changes in the secondary metabolism of H. fragiforme and the above biological activities are discussed in relation to the possible biological functions of secondary metabolites (extrolites) in the Hypoxyloideae.
Related Concept Videos
Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots
Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss
C4 Pathway and CAM
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress
Overview of Metabolism
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...

