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Related Experiment Videos

Cell signaling and neuronal death.

Makoto R Hara1, Solomon H Snyder

  • 1The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mhara@jhmi.edu

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
|August 2, 2006
PubMed
Summary
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Cell death, including apoptosis, is vital in development and disease. Signaling pathways involving neurotransmitters like glutamate and intracellular calcium are key regulators, particularly in the nervous system.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell death is a fundamental biological process with programmed forms like apoptosis and necrosis.
  • Physiological processes, including neural development and thymus involution, utilize apoptosis.
  • Dysregulated cell death contributes to various pathologies, notably in the nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of inter- and intracellular signaling systems in programmed cell death.
  • To highlight the specific involvement of these signaling pathways in the nervous system.
  • To discuss the contribution of neurotransmitters and intracellular messengers to excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on signaling pathways in cell death.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of the roles of neurotransmitters (glutamate, nitric oxide) in excitotoxicity.
  • Examination of intracellular calcium signaling and its modulators (IP3 receptors, calcineurin, calpain, cytochrome c).

    • Main Results:

    • Glutamate and nitric oxide are identified as key neurotransmitters mediating excitotoxic cell death.
    • Intracellular calcium acts as a crucial messenger in diverse cell death pathways.
    • Proteins such as IP3 receptors, calcineurin, calpain, and cytochrome c modulate calcium-dependent cell death.

    Conclusions:

    • Inter- and intracellular signaling pathways are critical regulators of programmed cell death, especially in the nervous system.
    • Excitotoxic damage, relevant to stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, involves specific neurotransmitter signaling.
    • Intracellular calcium dynamics, modulated by various proteins, play a central role in mediating cell death outcomes.