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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Targeted Training of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Aged and Parkinsonian Rats
Published on: August 8, 2011
Using the Natural Language Paradigm (NLP) to increase vocalizations of older adults with cognitive impairments
Linda A Leblanc1, Kaneen B Geiger, Rachael A Sautter
1Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. Linda.Leblanc@wmich.edu
Abstract:
The Natural Language Paradigm (NLP) has proven effective in increasing spontaneous verbalizations for children with autism. This study investigated the use of NLP with older adults with cognitive impairments served at a leisure-based adult day program for seniors. Three individuals with limited spontaneous use of functional language participated in a multiple baseline design across participants. Data were collected on appropriate and inappropriate vocalizations with appropriate vocalizations coded as prompted or unprompted during baseline and treatment sessions. All participants experienced increases in appropriate speech during NLP with variable response patterns. Additionally, the two participants with substantial inappropriate vocalizations showed decreases in inappropriate speech. Implications for intervention in day programs are discussed.
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