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Updated: Aug 6, 2026
An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
Published on: December 1, 2013
Relevance of extracapsular extension of pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with bladder cancer treated in the
Wassim Kassouf1, Dan Leibovici, Tony Luongo
1Department of Urology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Background:
Previous reports have suggested that extracapsular extension (ECE) is a prognostic factor in patients with urothelial carcinoma who have positive lymph nodes at the time of radical cystectomy. In the current study, the relevance of ECE in patients treated in the contemporary era was evaluated.
Methods:
A database search from 1993 to 2003 revealed 150 patients with pN+M0 disease detected after radical cystectomy; of these, 108 patients did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and form the basis of the current report. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, with log-rank tests used to evaluate associations between survival and variables studied.
Results:
Five-year OS, DSS, and RFS rates were 30.9%, 45.5%, and 29.7%, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 70% of patients. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly associated with prolonged OS, DSS, and RFS (P
