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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

[Primary agiitis of central nervous system].

Zhi Liu1, Lin Chen, Yu-Pu Guo

  • 1Department of Neurology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China. hugh1977@sina.com

Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae
|August 12, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Primary central nervous system vasculitis presents with neurological deficits like headache and dementia. Diagnosis requires leptomeningeal and brain biopsy, but treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants may improve outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a rare but serious condition.
  • Clinical presentation is diverse, affecting various neurological functions.

Purpose:

  • To outline the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches for primary CNS vasculitis.

Summary:

  • Common symptoms include headache, dementia, cranial nerve palsies, and focal neurological deficits.
  • Leptomeningeal and brain biopsy remain the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Prognosis can be improved with corticosteroid and immunosuppressant therapy.

Impact:

  • Improved understanding of CNS vasculitis aids in timely diagnosis and management.
  • Early treatment can potentially mitigate long-term neurological damage.
  • Highlights the importance of histopathological confirmation for definitive diagnosis.