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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Development of imaging selection criteria and procedures should precede cephalometric assessment with cone-beam
Allan G Farman1, William C Scarfe
1Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky 40292, USA. agfarm01@louisville.edu
Abstract:
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems for craniofacial imaging are now available from several manufacturers. CBCT potentially provides opportunities for 3-dimensional cephalometrics in orthodontic assessment of bony landmarks and air-bounded surfaces such as the facial skin. Two-dimensional cephalogram simulation could facilitate the transfer of growth projections from existing data sets as a starting point for use of a new 3-dimensional paradigm. Three methods are described to simulate conventional 2-dimensional cephalograms from CBCT images and volumetric data sets. However, certain precautions are required to assure that selection criteria and imaging parameters guarantee a radiation dose that is as low as reasonably achievable.
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