Hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes and strong stochasticity threshold in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam models

The existence of a strong stochasticity threshold (SST) has been detected in many Hamiltonian lattice systems, including the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) model, which is characterized by a crossover of the system dynamics from weak to strong chaos with increasing energy density epsilon. Correspondingly, the relaxation time to energy equipartition and the largest Lyapunov exponent exhibit different scaling behavior in the regimes below and beyond the threshold value. In this paper, we attempt to go one step further in this direction to explore further changes in the energy density dependence of other Lyapunov exponents and of hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes (HLMs). In particular, we find that for the FPU-beta and FPU-alpha(beta) models the scalings of the energy density dependence of all Lyapunov exponents experience a similar change at the SST as that of the largest Lyapunov exponent. In addition, the threshold values of the crossover of all Lyapunov exponents are nearly identical. These facts lend support to the point of view that the crossover in the system dynamics at the SST manifests a global change in the geometric structure of phase space. They also partially answer the question of why the simple assumption that the ambient manifold representing the system dynamics is quasi-isotropic works quite well in the analytical calculation of the largest Lyapunov exponent. Furthermore, the FPU-beta model is used as an example to show that HLMs exist in Hamiltonian lattice models with continuous symmetries. Some measures are defined to indicate the significance of HLMs. Numerical simulations demonstrate that there is a smooth transition in the energy density dependence of these variables corresponding to the crossover in Lyapunov exponents at the SST. In particular, our numerical results indicate that strong chaos is essential for the appearance of HLMs and those modes become more significant with increasing degree of chaoticity.