Complexity of astrocyte-motor neuron interactions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neurons and surrounding glial cells compose a highly specialized functional unit. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) astrocytes interact with motor neurons in a complex manner to modulate neuronal survival. Experiments using chimeric mice expressing ALS-linked mutations to Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) suggest a critical modulation exerted by neighboring non-neuronal cell types on disease phenotype. When perturbed by primary neuronal damage, e.g. expression of SOD-1 mutations, neurons can signal astrocytes to proliferate and become reactive. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) can be released by motor neurons in response to damage to induce astrocyte activation by signaling through the receptor FGFR1. FGF-1 stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and secretion, as well as activity of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Nrf2 leads to the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and a group of enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism that prevent motor neuron degeneration. However, prolonged stimulation with FGF-1 or SOD-mediated oxidative stress in astrocytes may disrupt the normal neuron-glia interactions and lead to progressive neuronal degeneration. The re-expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor and neuronal NOS in motor neurons in parallel with increased NGF secretion by reactive astrocytes may be a mechanism to eliminate critically damaged neurons. Consequently, astrocyte activation in ALS may have a complex pathogenic role.