[Medical approaches to technogenic risks mitigation: instructive experience of space medicine]

Medical approaches to mitigation of technogenic extreme risks are analyzed by the example of space medicine experience in handling of the risks caused to humans by specific and non-specific extreme factors in space flight. Discussion is centered on the amalgamation of closely interconnected fundamental and applied risk researches with the ultimate aim of determining the strategy of risk minimization through optimization of environment, professional activity, and development of effective medical care and prevention instruments. One of the major achievements of the Russian space program was giving evidence of the possibility to control risks in extended orbital missions. As far as the Moon and Mars exploration projects are concerned, views of the U.S. NASA have been formulated in "Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap". Excerpts from the document illustrate possible approaches to the current and prospective technogenic extreme risks.