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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Papillary thyroid cancer.

Nadine R Caron1, Orlo H Clark

  • 1Mount Zion Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, Room C-347, 1600 Divisadero Street, 94143, USA. clarko@surgery.ucsf.edu

Current Treatment Options in Oncology
|August 19, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has an excellent prognosis, with total thyroidectomy being the preferred surgical approach for improved survival and reduced recurrence. This method also enhances targeted adjuvant therapies for differentiated thyroid cancer.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy with a high survival rate (>90%).
  • Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with ongoing debate regarding total thyroidectomy versus thyroid lobectomy.
  • Most PTC patients at UCSF receive total thyroidectomy due to superior survival and lower local recurrence rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the treatment strategies for papillary thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight the benefits of total thyroidectomy in optimizing adjuvant therapies.
  • To discuss the unique cellular features of differentiated thyroid cancer utilized in management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment modalities for papillary thyroid cancer.
  • Analysis of the role of total thyroidectomy in patient outcomes.
  • Discussion of how differentiated thyroid cancer cell features inform treatment and follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Total thyroidectomy demonstrates superior overall survival in select populations and significantly lower local recurrence rates.
  • Differentiated thyroid cancer cells retain functional characteristics (thyroglobulin production, TSH stimulation, iodine uptake) crucial for management.
  • Adjuvant therapies include radioactive iodine, TSH suppression, and external beam radiation, with chemotherapy rarely used.

Conclusions:

  • Total thyroidectomy is a key surgical approach for PTC, enhancing the efficacy of adjuvant treatments.
  • Leveraging the differentiated features of PTC cells is central to effective clinical follow-up and therapy.
  • Treatment decisions are multifactorial, involving patient, disease characteristics, and multidisciplinary team input.