Spatiotemporal changes in HNK-1/L2 glycoconjugates on avian embryo somite and neural crest cells

Neural crest cell migration was studied in trunks of quail and chick embryos using HNK-1 and L2 antibodies. At the intersegmental cleft, labeled crest cells were associated with the rostral wall of the somite rather than blood vessels. Migration into and through the rostral part of the sclerotomes was more rapid (40-70 microns/hr; quail) and the onset of localization was earlier (after 13-16 hr; quail) than previously supposed. Crest cells here were initially mono- to multipolar, scattered, and inconsistently oriented and formed numerous close (about 20 nm) homo- and heterotypic cell-cell contacts. In vitro models suggested that significant numbers of crest cells, however, could be unlabeled at this early phase. Somitic properties covarying with the hemisegmental pattern of crest cell immigration were investigated. Laminin distribution, although asymmetric in the somites, was not closely related to that of crest cells. Tenascin distribution matched that of crest cells, but only at the localization stage. Earlier, maximal tenascin expression occurred in the somite's caudal wall, a region avoided by crest cells. Chondroitin 6-sulfate proteoglycan expression was elevated in the caudal somite-half at the localization phase and also, at lumbar levels, at the immigration stage. This is consistent with tenascin and proteoglycan having a negative role in crest cell migration. The rostral somite-half was also labeled by HNK-1 and L2, but only in quails. This was associated with the cell surface, was transient, was stable to mild proteolysis, and was labile to cryoprocessing and lipophilic solvents. The spatial and temporal congruence with crest migration suggests that the HNK/L2 adhesion-related carbohydrate epitope on the somites indicates a molecule (possibly glycolipid) which acts via heterotypic cell-cell contacts to provide one cue in the patterned distribution of crest cells in the somites.