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Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
Published on: October 16, 2018
Retroviral E-DNA: persistence and gene expression in nondividing immune cells
1Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Itlay.
Abstract:
Following retroviral infection of cells, not only is the proviral DNA integrated into the host genome, but there is also an accumulation of unintegrated extrachromosomal DNA (E-DNA), both linear and circular. Although the integrated DNA is responsible for the production of viral proteins and new viral progeny, the role of E-DNA has remained uncertain. Several reports have shown that E-DNA is transcriptionally active producing both RNA, as well as viral proteins and that circular E-DNA can persist in nondividing cells, raising questions regarding the potential consequences of this reservoir. Furthermore, integrase inhibitors, presently in clinical trials, shifts the balance of proviral DNA to the E-DNA form. This review is focused on recent work in this field with an emphasis on exploring the potential role of E-DNA in both pathogenesis of retroviral infections, especially HIV-1, and as a tool to deliver and express genes.
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