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Infantile sensitivity to ethanol's motivational effects: Ethanol reinforcement during the third postnatal week
Juan Carlos Molina1, Luciano Federico Ponce, Eric Truxell
1Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA.
Insights
Young rats show sensitivity to ethanol's reinforcing effects, demonstrated indirectly through taste-texture pairings. This finding reveals how early experiences with ethanol influence behavior and preferences.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Psychology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Newborn rats exhibit susceptibility to ethanol's reinforcing properties.
- Demonstrating comparable reinforcing effects in older infant rats has been challenging.
- This study investigates ethanol's reinforcing effects in preweanling rats using a second-order conditioning procedure.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess if pairing gustatory stimuli with ethanol's effects can create positive reinforcement in preweanling rats.
- To evaluate the direct reinforcing effects of ethanol through intake tests of previously paired stimuli.
- To determine blood ethanol levels (BELs) for various ethanol doses.
Main Methods:
- 14-day-old rat pups received intraoral infusions of sucrose, water, or quinine after intragastric ethanol administration (0.00–2.00 g/kg).
- Gustatory stimuli were paired with a rough texture (sandpaper) and later tested in a texture location preference test.
- Consumption of stimuli paired with ethanol effects was assessed, along with motor activity patterns.
Main Results:
- Ethanol intoxication significantly increased preference for the sandpaper texture when gustatory stimuli were paired with it.
- Direct pairing of ethanol intoxication with gustatory stimuli did not alter subsequent consumption but induced conditioned behavioral activity.
- Blood ethanol levels ranged from 10 to 150 mg% for the doses used.
Conclusions:
- Preweanling rats are sensitive to the pharmacological reinforcing properties of ethanol at both low and high doses.
- Sensitivity was indirectly revealed by using gustatory stimuli as second-order reinforcers for a tactile stimulus after ethanol exposure.
- Ethanol's motivational properties, assessed via intake, may be influenced by behavioral activation from previously paired gustatory stimuli.
Background:
Although tests specific to newborn rats have frequently verified their susceptibility to the reinforcing properties of ethanol, demonstration of comparable reinforcing effects in older infants has been elusive. Using a second-order conditioning procedure, the present study assessed in preweanling rats whether pairing with early postabsorptive effects of ethanol would render intraorally delivered gustatory stimuli capable of positive reinforcement for association with a salient texture. Direct reinforcing effects of ethanol were also evaluated through intake tests of gustatory stimuli previously paired with the drug. Blood ethanol levels (BELs) were determined for each of the ethanol doses used.
Methods:
Pups (14 days old) were stimulated with intraoral infusion of sucrose (10% v/v), water, or quinine (0.0045% w/v) 5 minutes after being intragastrically (i.g.) administered 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, or 2.00 g/kg ethanol (Experiments 1 and 2). These stimuli were then briefly presented while pups experienced a rough texture (sandpaper). Rats were subsequently evaluated in a 2-way texture location test (sandpaper vs smooth surface). In Experiment 3, sucrose, water, or quinine was paired with early postabsorptive effects of ethanol (0.00, 0.50, or 2.0 g/kg). Consumption of these stimuli was later assessed. Motor activity patterns during the intake test were also evaluated. In Experiment 4, BELs corresponding to 0.25, 0.50, or 2.0 g/kg ethanol were determined 5 and 20 minutes after i.g. administration (time periods were in accord with the onset and offset of intraoral stimulation used in the previous experiments).
Results:
Intraoral infusion of sucrose, water, or quinine, while under a state of sobriety and paired with sandpaper, resulted in roughly 50% preference for this texture. Sandpaper preferences were significantly elevated in pups that had experienced sucrose or water in a nonsober state-while under the effects of ethanol (Experiments 1 and 2). This indicated reinforcing effects of the ethanol intoxication. Pairing ethanol intoxication directly with consumption of sucrose, water, or quinine did not affect their later consumption. Yet, there were clear indications that this pairing resulted in conditioned behavioral activity patterns. Blood ethanol levels corresponding to the ethanol doses used here ranged between 10 and 150 mg%.
Conclusions:
Infants appear sensitive to pharmacological reinforcing properties of low and relatively high ethanol doses. This sensitivity was revealed indirectly, by pairing gustatory stimuli with ethanol intoxication and then allowing these stimuli to act as second-order reinforcement for a quite different (tactile) stimulus. Behavioral activation elicited by the gustatory stimuli previously paired with a state of intoxication seems to compete with the expression of ethanol's motivational properties as assessed through intake tests.
