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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

West Nile virus meningoencephalitis.

Roberta L Debiasi1, Kenneth L Tyler

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.

Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology
|August 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

West Nile virus (WNV) causes epidemic meningoencephalitis in North America, expanding its range and neuroinvasive disease. This review covers WNV epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in the US in 1999, becoming a leading cause of epidemic meningoencephalitis in North America.
  • WNV has rapidly expanded its geographic range and disease burden across North America, affecting birds, mosquitoes, and humans.
  • The virus demonstrates an increasing tendency to cause neuroinvasive disease, presenting as meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis.
  • To discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of WNV infections.
  • To outline diagnostic approaches, prognostic indicators, and potential therapeutic strategies for WNV.

Main Methods:

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
04:23

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
07:23

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Published on: June 9, 2011

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
10:21

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

  • Review of existing literature on West Nile virus epidemiology and clinical presentation.
  • Analysis of reported cases and disease trends in North America.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options.

    • Main Results:

    • WNV has become the most common cause of epidemic meningoencephalitis in North America since 1999.
    • Neuroinvasive WNV disease, though occurring in less than 1% of infections, is associated with high mortality.
    • Over 8,000 neuroinvasive WNV cases and over 780 deaths were reported in the US between 1999 and 2005.

    Conclusions:

    • WNV meningoencephalitis represents a significant public health concern in North America.
    • Understanding WNV epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features is crucial for effective management.
    • Further research into WNV pathogenesis and treatment is warranted to improve patient outcomes.