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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Isolation of Cerebral Capillaries from Fresh Human Brain Tissue
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[Lactate in the brain--without turning sour].

Linda Hildegard Bergersen1

  • 1Anatomisk institutt og Senter for molekylaerbiologi og nevrovitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1105 Blindern, 0317 Oslo. l.h.bergersen@medisin.uio.no

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
|August 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The brain utilizes more than just glucose for energy, with lactate and ketone bodies playing crucial roles, especially during development and in certain conditions. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) facilitate this energy substrate transport across brain cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • The traditional view of brain energy metabolism relies solely on aerobic glucose utilization.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the significance of alternative energy substrates like lactate and ketone bodies.
  • These substrates are crucial during brain development, starvation, hypoglycemia, diabetes, and intense physical activity.

Purpose:

  • To challenge the established understanding of brain energy metabolism.
  • To elucidate the role of lactate and ketone bodies as vital energy substrates.
  • To describe the function and distribution of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the brain.

Summary:

  • Brain energy metabolism is not exclusively aerobic with glucose; lactate and ketone bodies are significant substrates, particularly during development and under stress.
  • Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), including MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4, mediate the transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across brain cell membranes.
  • Astrocytes primarily produce lactate, while neurons consume it, indicating a specialized intercellular metabolic pathway crucial for neuronal function and survival, especially during ischemia.

Impact:

  • This research reframes our understanding of brain bioenergetics, suggesting broader metabolic flexibility.
  • Identifies lactate as a key neuronal energy source, impacting research on neurological disorders and brain function.
  • Highlights the critical role of MCTs in brain energy supply, offering potential therapeutic targets for conditions involving metabolic dysfunction.