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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...

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Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration
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Shavenbaby couples patterning to epidermal cell shape control.

Hélène Chanut-Delalande1, Isabelle Fernandes, Fernando Roch

  • 1Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS UMR 5547, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

Plos Biology
|August 29, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Shavenbaby controls cell shape in Drosophila by activating genes that organize actin, the extracellular matrix, and cuticle. This developmental module explains trichome formation and its evolutionary diversification.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Embryogenesis directs animal morphogenesis through developmental programs.
  • Mechanisms linking developmental cues to specific cell shapes during morphogenesis remain unclear.
  • The Drosophila epidermis exhibits stereotyped cell shapes, forming smooth cells and actin-rich trichomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how developmental cues generate specific cell shapes during morphogenesis.
  • Identify downstream targets of the transcription factor Shavenbaby (Svb).
  • Elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation and its evolutionary diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Studied morphological differentiation in the Drosophila epidermis.
  • Analyzed the role of the transcription factor Shavenbaby (Svb).
  • Identified and functionally tested Svb's downstream genetic targets.

Main Results:

  • Shavenbaby (Svb) controls epidermal cell shape by transcriptionally activating effector genes.
  • Svb targets regulate actin organization, extracellular matrix, and cuticle modification.
  • Simultaneous inactivation of Svb targets, but not individual inactivation, prevents trichome formation.

Conclusions:

  • Shavenbaby (Svb) governs an evolutionarily conserved developmental module for trichome formation.
  • This module comprises genes collectively responsible for trichome development.
  • The identified molecular mechanisms provide insights into morphogenesis and the evolution of animal forms.