Probing the electronic structure of ZnO nanowires by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy

Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope is employed to investigate the electronic structure of ZnO nanowires with diameter ranging from 20 to 100 nm. Its excellent spatial resolution enables this technique to explore the electronic states of a single nanowire. We found that all of the basic electronic structure characteristics of the ZnO nanowires, including the 3.3 eV band gap, the single electron interband transitions at approximately = 9.5, approximately = 13.5,and approximately = 21.8 eV, and the bulk plasmon oscillation at approximately 18.8 eV, resemble those of the bulk ZnO. Momentum transfer resolved energy loss spectra suggest that the 13.5 eV excitation is actually consisted of two weak excitations at approximately = 12.8 and approximately = 14.8 eV, which originate from transitions of two groups of the Zn 3d electrons to the empty density of states in the conduction band, with a dipole-forbidden nature. The energy loss spectra taken from single nanowires of different diameters show several size-dependent features, including an increase in the oscillator strength of the surface plasmon resonance at approximately = 11.5 eV, a broadening of the bulk plasmon peak, and splitting of the O 2s transition at approximately = 21.8 eV into two peaks, which coincides with a redshift of the bulk plasmon peak, when the nanowire diameter decreases. All these observations can be well explained by the increased surface/volume ratio in nanowires of small diameter.