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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
06:13

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults

Published on: December 1, 2023

Measures of insulin sensitivity.

Zachary T Bloomgarden1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10028, USA. zbloomgard@aol.com

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
|August 30, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Assessing human insulin sensitivity involves direct but intensive methods like glucose clamps, and less accurate indirect or surrogate measures. Innovative isotopic techniques show promise for future routine clinical use in evaluating glucose metabolism.

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic research
  • Human physiology
  • Clinical diagnostics

Background:

  • Insulin resistance is a key factor in metabolic diseases.
  • Accurate assessment of insulin sensitivity is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Current methods for measuring insulin sensitivity vary in accuracy and practicality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methods for assessing human insulin sensitivity.
  • To compare the accuracy and feasibility of different assessment approaches.
  • To highlight emerging techniques for insulin sensitivity measurement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and novel techniques for insulin sensitivity assessment.
  • Comparison of direct, indirect, and surrogate measures.

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Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion
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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
06:13

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults

Published on: December 1, 2023

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion
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Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

  • Discussion of isotopic tracer methods for glucose metabolism analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Direct methods like the glucose clamp are accurate but resource-intensive.
    • Indirect calculations and surrogate markers offer convenience but limited correlation.
    • Emerging isotopic methods show potential for precise whole-body glucose metabolism assessment.

    Conclusions:

    • No single method perfectly balances accuracy and practicality for insulin sensitivity assessment.
    • Surrogate markers provide a rough estimate but lack precision.
    • Innovative isotopic approaches may offer a future solution for routine clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity.