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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System

Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System

Published on: October 29, 2019

New agents for intrathecal administration.

Stacie Stapleton¹, Susan Blaney

¹Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. slstaple@txccc.org

Cancer Investigation

|August 31, 2006

Summary

Intrathecal chemotherapy is effective for leukemia/lymphoma CNS metastases but limited for solid tumors. Novel agents and strategies are being explored for improved treatment of neoplastic meningitis.

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Pharmacology
Hematology

Background:

Intrathecal chemotherapy is standard for central nervous system (CNS) metastases in leukemia and lymphoma.
Current intrathecal agents show limited efficacy for neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review practical considerations and limitations of intrathecal chemotherapy.
To explore novel anticancer agents and strategies for intrathecal administration.

Main Methods:

Overview of current intrathecal chemotherapy practices.
Review of preclinical and early-phase clinical trials of new intrathecal agents.

Main Results:

Intrathecal chemotherapy is highly effective for hematological malignancies.

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Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

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Intrathecal Injection of Newborn Mouse for Genome Editing and Drug Delivery

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Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System

Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System

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Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

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Intrathecal Injection of Newborn Mouse for Genome Editing and Drug Delivery

Intrathecal Injection of Newborn Mouse for Genome Editing and Drug Delivery

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Significant challenges and ineffectiveness exist for solid tumor-related neoplastic meningitis.

Conclusions:

There is a critical need for more effective intrathecal treatments for solid tumor CNS metastases.
Novel agents and treatment strategies are under investigation to improve outcomes.