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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
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[Insect hypersensitivity in Iceland.].

Unnur Steina Bjœrnsdóttir1, Erling Olafsson, Davíð Gíslason

  • 1Department of Immunology and Lung Diseases, Landspitali University Hospital, Fossvogi, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland. usb@landspitali.is.

Laeknabladid
|August 31, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Allergic reactions to stinging insects like hymenoptera can be severe, even fatal. Early diagnosis and venom immunotherapy are crucial for preventing future reactions, with over 95% effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Toxicology
  • Entomology

Context:

  • Hymenoptera (stinging insects) and mosquitoes (biting insects) are common causes of allergic reactions.
  • Vespidae species, including yellow jackets, paper wasps, and hornets, have increased in Iceland since 1973.
  • This article details the first documented case of hymenoptera sensitization and anaphylaxis in an Icelander.

Purpose:

  • To review allergic reactions to stinging and biting insects.
  • To present the first case of hymenoptera anaphylaxis in Iceland.
  • To inform healthcare professionals about insect sting allergy diagnosis and management.

Summary:

  • Allergic reactions to hymenoptera range from local responses to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
  • Accurate diagnosis is key, as venom immunotherapy can prevent up to 95% of recurrent reactions.
  • The article discusses insect identification, avoidance strategies, and appropriate referral for allergy testing and immunotherapy.

Impact:

  • Highlights the growing public health concern of insect sting allergies in Iceland.
  • Emphasizes the importance of prompt diagnosis and effective treatment with venom immunotherapy.
  • Provides guidance for healthcare providers on recognizing and managing insect sting allergies.