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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
09:27

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Published on: May 6, 2020

Vaccination against hepatitis A and B: developments, deployment and delusions.

Jane N Zuckerman1

  • 1Academic Centre for Travel Medicine & Vaccines and the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference, Research & Training in Travel Medicine, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK. j.zuckerman@medsch.ucl.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|August 31, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Universal hepatitis B vaccination is recommended, moving beyond risk-based strategies. Continued surveillance for hepatitis B surface antigen mutants and exploration of novel vaccine technologies like edible vaccines are crucial for effective immunoprophylaxis.

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
09:27

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Published on: May 6, 2020

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Current immunization strategies for hepatitis A and B face several challenges.
  • The emergence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen mutants, such as the G145R variant, poses risks for diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis.
  • Concerns regarding the safety of hepatitis B vaccines have been raised but are largely unfounded.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss current issues in hepatitis A and B immunization.
  • To advocate for a shift from risk-based to universal vaccination approaches.
  • To review advancements in vaccine technology, including combined, multivalent, and novel vaccine platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current immunization practices and challenges.
  • Analysis of emerging hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants and their implications.
  • Examination of innovative vaccine development strategies, including DNA and edible vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis B surface antigen mutants, like G145R, necessitate ongoing surveillance programs due to horizontal transmission.
  • Despite unfounded safety concerns, hepatitis B vaccines remain a critical public health tool.
  • Novel vaccine production methods, such as DNA vaccines and edible vaccines, show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Strong evidence supports the implementation of universal hepatitis B immunization in countries where it is not yet standard practice.
  • Future immunization programs will likely incorporate polyvalent vaccines for comprehensive population protection.
  • Continuous evolution of vaccination strategies is essential to combat infectious diseases effectively.