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Related Concept Videos

Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation01:17

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
The blood filling the erectile tissues compresses the veins, which helps to prevent blood from leaving...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

The Ex vivo Preparation of Spinal Cord Slice for the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording in Motor Neurons During Spinal Cord Stimulation
06:55

The Ex vivo Preparation of Spinal Cord Slice for the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording in Motor Neurons During Spinal Cord Stimulation

Published on: September 8, 2023

External anal sphincter responses after S3 spinal root surface electrical stimulation.

Giuseppe Pelliccioni1, Osvaldo Scarpino

  • 1Neurology Unit, Geriatric Hospital, INRCA, Ancona, Italy. g.pelliccioni@inrca.it

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|August 31, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study provides normative data for external anal sphincter (EAS) responses to sacral electrical stimulation, establishing reference values for pelvic floor dysfunction and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) candidate selection.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

The Ex vivo Preparation of Spinal Cord Slice for the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording in Motor Neurons During Spinal Cord Stimulation
06:55

The Ex vivo Preparation of Spinal Cord Slice for the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording in Motor Neurons During Spinal Cord Stimulation

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Urology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Pelvic floor dysfunction affects numerous individuals.
  • Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a treatment option for pelvic floor disorders.
  • Assessing the functional integrity of neural pathways is crucial for SNM efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative data for direct and reflex motor anal sphincter responses.
  • To evaluate the utility of S3 surface electrical stimulation for assessing neural pathway integrity.
  • To provide reference values for patients with pelvic floor dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty healthy subjects were studied.
  • Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the external anal sphincter (EAS) using needle electrodes.
  • S3 sacral foramina were stimulated using bipolar surface electrodes.

Main Results:

  • Direct (R1) and reflex responses (R2, R3) were identified at specific latencies.
  • R1 and R2 responses were consistently recorded in all subjects.
  • R3 responses were observed in 17 out of 20 subjects.

Conclusions:

  • The obtained data serve as reference values for future studies on pelvic floor dysfunction.
  • EAS responses to S3 stimulation can aid in selecting candidates for SNM.
  • This method helps assess the functional integrity of nervous pathways relevant to SNM.