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Energetic influence on gull flight strategy selection.

Judy Shamoun-Baranes1, Emiel van Loon

  • 1Computational Bio- and Physical Geography, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. shamoun@science.uva.nl

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Summary

Gulls select flight strategies based on energy balance. Models predict gulls favor soaring at low ground speeds and high airspeeds, with flapping more common at intermediate speeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Ornithology
  • Aerodynamics
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Gulls exhibit diverse flight strategies during non-migratory periods.
  • Understanding the energetic basis of flight strategy selection is crucial for avian research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and compare gull flight strategies based on energy balance.
  • To investigate the influence of ground and air speeds on flapping versus soaring flight in gulls.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model integrating optimal foraging and aerodynamic theories.
  • Calculated optimal ground speeds and airspeeds for flapping and soaring.
  • Compared model predictions with radar tracking data of black-headed and lesser black-backed gulls.

Main Results:

  • Model predicts soaring is favored at low ground speeds (5-10 m/s) and high airspeeds (20-25 m/s).
  • At intermediate speeds, predicted net energy gain is similar for flapping and soaring, leading to higher flapping ratios.
  • Observed flight behaviors align with model predictions, with no instances of predicted net energy loss flight.

Conclusions:

  • Energy balance significantly influences gull flight strategy selection.
  • Observed flight patterns validate the model's predictions regarding speed-dependent strategy use.
  • Flight strategy selection in gulls is a complex interplay of energetic and environmental factors.