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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Published on: December 26, 2015

[Drug therapy in multiple sclerosis].

Emmanuelle Le Page1, Gilles Edan

  • 1Service de neurologie, hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes. emmanuelle.lepage@chu-rennes.fr

La Revue Du Praticien
|September 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) have been approved in France. However, their effectiveness in progressive MS remains unestablished.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Three disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) approved in France over the last decade for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  • Two DMTs are immunomodulatory agents (interferon beta 1a/1b, glatiramer acetate) administered via injection, reducing relapse risk by ~30%.
  • One DMT is mitoxantrone, an intravenous immunosuppressive agent used as second-line therapy for rapidly worsening RRMS unresponsive to immunomodulators.

Purpose:

  • To review the approved disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in France.
  • To highlight the established efficacy of current treatments in reducing relapse rates.
  • To identify the unmet need regarding the impact of these therapies on progressive forms of MS.

Summary:

  • Interferon beta and glatiramer acetate are first-line immunomodulatory treatments for RRMS.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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Published on: December 26, 2015

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

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  • Mitoxantrone is a second-line immunosuppressive treatment for severe RRMS.
  • Current therapeutic strategies focus on managing relapses rather than addressing gradual disability progression.

    • Impact:

    • Established treatments offer significant relapse reduction for RRMS patients.
    • There is a critical need to investigate therapeutic options for secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS).
    • Further research is required to determine the long-term impact of existing DMTs on disability progression in all MS subtypes.