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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Seizure following sudden zolpidem withdrawal
Wiesław J Cubała1, Jerzy Landowski
1Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki St. 7 bud. 25, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland. cubala@amg.gda.pl
Abstract:
Zolpidem is a short acting hypnotic drug belonging to imidazopyridine family. It produces its hypnotic effects via the GABA-A benzodiazepine receptor complex, and binds preferentially to those receptors containing the alpha-1 subunit. In comparison with benzodiazepines this mechanism is thought to reduce liability to induce dependence. Several case reports of zolpidem abuse and dependence have been published along with a small number of cases demonstrating seizures after sudden zolpidem withdrawal. We describe a case of a 29-year-old Caucasian woman who developed a generalized seizure following sudden zolpidem withdrawal subsequent to drug dependence to 160mg of zolpidem. The clinical effects of zolpidem seem to be comparable to those of benzodiazepines and abuse, dependence and withdrawal seizures belong to the spectrum of its adverse drug reactions.
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Seizures: Classification
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

