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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...

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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

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Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.

Shanta M Zimmer1, David S Stephens

  • 1Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA. szimmer@emory.edu

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs (London, England : 2000)
|September 8, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Developing a broadly protective vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis remains challenging. This review details progress and obstacles in creating an effective serogroup B vaccine for meningococcal disease prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Neisseria meningitidis causes severe meningitis and septicemia.
  • Existing polysaccharide vaccines protect against serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 but not serogroup B.
  • Serogroup B is a significant cause of meningococcal disease globally, especially in industrialized nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of vaccine development for serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis.
  • To discuss the challenges in creating a broadly protective and safe serogroup B vaccine.
  • To highlight promising research directions for meningococcal disease prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on meningococcal disease burden.
  • Analysis of pathogenesis and genetics of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B.

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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction

Published on: February 24, 2014

  • Evaluation of current and emerging vaccine strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines are effective for most serogroups except B.
    • Developing a serogroup B vaccine effective in infants and cross-protective against multiple strains is difficult.
    • Advances in understanding pathogenesis and genetics offer new vaccine development avenues.

    Conclusions:

    • An effective vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis is crucial for comprehensive meningococcal disease control.
    • Overcoming challenges in serogroup B vaccine development requires continued research into pathogenesis and host genetics.
    • Promising approaches are emerging, offering hope for future broadly protective serogroup B vaccines.