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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry
06:26

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Published on: December 9, 2025

Visualizing three-dimensional facial soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery.

Lucy Miller1, David O Morris, Elizabeth Berry

  • 1Medical School, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK

European Journal of Orthodontics
|September 8, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study evaluated four laser scanning visualization methods for assessing facial changes after orthognathic surgery. Results showed varying effectiveness for different methods, with good overall repeatability in identifying surgical outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning offers advanced visualization of facial structures.
  • Assessing post-surgical facial changes is crucial in orthognathic procedures.
  • Standardized methods are needed to accurately interpret 3D facial scan data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of four distinct 3D laser scan visualization methods in representing facial changes following orthognathic surgery.
  • To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of each visualization technique.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective longitudinal cohort study involving 26 orthognathic surgery patients and 12 controls.
  • Superimposition of pre- and post-operative 3D facial laser scans.

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  • Application and observer-based assessment of four visualization methods: correspondences with sensitivity to movement, normals, radial, and closest point.

    • Main Results:

    • The radial method showed higher sensitivity/specificity for mandibular advancement (58.5/92.4%).
    • The normals method was superior for bimaxillary Class III cases (26.2/99.6%).
    • The closest point method performed best for controls (60.0/80.8%). Overall repeatability was good (Cohen's kappa = 0.61).

    Conclusions:

    • No single visualization method demonstrated significant superiority across all groups.
    • Each method effectively identified different proportions of facial changes, suggesting complementary roles.
    • Good intraobserver repeatability indicates the reliability of these methods for analyzing surgical outcomes.