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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Mutations01:35

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Mitochondria
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Mind the GAP: Wnt steps onto the mTORC1 train.

Andrew Y Choo1, Philippe P Roux, John Blenis

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell
|September 9, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The TSC1/2 complex regulates protein synthesis via mTOR. Kinases GSK3 and AMPK activate TSC2 to inhibit mTOR, but Wnt signaling surprisingly suppresses this GSK3 action, suggesting mTOR as a target for Wnt-related diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cell signaling
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The TSC1/2 complex is a critical tumor suppressor.
  • It regulates protein synthesis by controlling mTOR activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the upstream regulators of the TSC1/2 complex.
  • To explore the interplay between Wnt signaling and the mTOR pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to study protein phosphorylation.
  • Analysis of kinase activity (GSK3, AMPK).
  • Investigation of Wnt signaling effects on TSC2.

Main Results:

  • GSK3 and AMPK kinases cooperate to activate TSC2, inhibiting mTOR.
  • Wnt signaling significantly suppresses the phosphorylation of TSC2 by GSK3.

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  • This reveals a novel regulatory mechanism for mTOR.

    • Conclusions:

    • The findings elucidate a new pathway controlling mTOR activity.
    • The cross-talk between Wnt signaling and TSC1/2-mTOR suggests therapeutic strategies.
    • Targeting mTOR components may be beneficial for diseases associated with aberrant Wnt signaling.