Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Real-world characterisation of severe asthma in Greece: results from the Greek Severe Asthma Registry.

ERJ open research·2026
Same author

Attributing heatwave mortality to human-induced climate change in Greece: a case-crossover and attribution analysis for 2000-2019.

Environmental health : a global access science source·2026
Same author

Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter retrospective study in Greece.

Annals of hematology·2026
Same author

The clinical, functional and imaging landscape of lung involvement in Sjögren Disease: a potential link between interstitial lung disease and small airways dysfunction.

Journal of autoimmunity·2026
Same author

Molecular pathways driving clarithromycin benefit in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of the ACCESS randomised trial.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

Clinically confirmed cohort reveals antioxidant genetic polymorphisms as potential susceptibility factors for long COVID after mild or asymptomatic COVID-19.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

Antioxidants increase the ventilatory response to hyperoxic hypercapnia.

Spyros Zakynthinos1, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Maria-Helena Karatza

  • 1Medical School of Athens University, Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilandou St., GR 106 75 Athens, Greece. szakynthinos@yahoo.com

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|September 9, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Antioxidant treatment enhanced the body's response to carbon dioxide by increasing tidal volume. This finding suggests a role for reactive oxygen species in respiratory control.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Respiratory Regulation

Background:

  • Central carbon dioxide (CO2) chemoreception mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in CO2 processing by central chemoreceptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if antioxidant treatment modulates the human ventilatory response to CO2.
  • To assess this effect during both resting and post-resistive breathing conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials involving healthy males.
  • Participants underwent CO2 rebreathing tests before and after antioxidant or placebo administration.
  • CO2 rebreathing was performed during unloaded breathing and after strenuous resistive breathing.

Main Results:

  • Antioxidant treatment significantly increased the sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2 (p < 0.001).
  • This enhancement was primarily attributed to an increase in tidal volume.
  • The augmented CO2 response persisted after resistive breathing challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Antioxidants augment tidal volume, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2.
  • These findings support a role for ROS in central CO2 chemoreception and respiratory control.