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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
10:52

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

Cu2{[18]ane-N6} complexes: structures, magnetism, and phosphate monoester binding.

Julia E Barker1, Yu Liu, Gordon T Yee

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry
|September 12, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized a novel dicopper complex using a macrocycle ligand. This complex readily binds phosphate monoesters, showing potential for sensing applications and revealing weak antiferromagnetic coupling between copper centers.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
11:04

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Published on: September 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Macrocyclic ligands are crucial in coordination chemistry for stabilizing metal ions.
  • Copper complexes exhibit diverse catalytic and magnetic properties.
  • Phosphate monoesters are biologically relevant molecules involved in various processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel dicopper(II) complex with a hexaazacyclooctadecane ([18]ane-N6) macrocycle.
  • To investigate the binding of phosphate monoesters to the dicopper complex.
  • To explore the magnetic properties and coordination modes of the resulting complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of [18]ane-N6 with copper(II) salts (e.g., Cu(OAc)2).
  • Structural analysis of complexes using X-ray crystallography.
  • Spectroscopic studies (UV-Vis) to monitor ligand exchange.
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurements and modeling.

Main Results:

  • A Cu(II)2 complex with [18]ane-N6 and acetate ligands was successfully synthesized and structurally characterized.
  • Facile displacement of acetate by various phosphate monoesters formed stable bis(phosphate monoester)dicopper complexes.
  • Visible absorption changes indicated phosphate binding, allowing determination of association constants.
  • Magnetic studies revealed weak antiferromagnetic coupling (J = -1.1 cm(-1)) between the two Cu(II) centers in a representative complex.

Conclusions:

  • The [18]ane-N6 macrocycle effectively stabilizes the dicopper core, facilitating phosphate monoester binding.
  • The observed spectroscopic changes provide a basis for developing sensors for phosphate monoesters.
  • The magnetic properties indicate a specific interaction between the copper centers mediated by the bridging ligands.