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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Investigating Mast Cell Secretory Granules; from Biosynthesis to Exocytosis
16:01

Investigating Mast Cell Secretory Granules; from Biosynthesis to Exocytosis

Published on: January 26, 2015

[Defect in lytic granule exocytosis: several causes, a same effect].

Gaël Ménasché1, Mickaël Ménager, Françoise Le Deist

  • 1Inserm U768, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.

Medecine Sciences : M/S
|September 12, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) involves uncontrolled T-lymphocyte activation and impaired cytotoxic granule function. Understanding defects in lymphocyte exocytosis is key to immune regulation and potential therapies for HS.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) disrupts lymphocyte homeostasis, leading to severe immune dysregulation.
  • HS is characterized by uncontrolled T-lymphocyte activation, excessive macrophage activation, and high cytokine production.
  • Inherited forms of HS often stem from defects in lymphocyte cytotoxic granule-dependent activity.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphocyte dysfunction in hemophagocytic syndrome.
  • To identify critical effectors in the exocytic machinery essential for cytotoxic granule function.
  • To explore the role of Rab27a and Munc13-4 in lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.

Summary:

  • HS involves impaired granule-dependent cytotoxic activity in lymphocytes, linked to mutations in genes like perforin, Munc13-4, Rab27a, and CHS/LYST.
  • Specific molecular defects affect the exocytic pathway, including Rab27a (transport/docking) and Munc13-4 (priming) of cytotoxic granules.
  • Evidence suggests an expansion phase, rather than a contraction defect, characterizes CD8+ T cell populations in HS.

Impact:

  • Elucidating the exocytic pathway machinery provides insights into immune response regulation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can lead to improved therapeutic interventions for hemophagocytic syndrome.
  • Similarities between lymphocyte exocytosis and neurotransmitter release highlight conserved regulatory pathways.