Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
Published on: February 23, 2014
Macrolide resistance in adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
Joshua P Metlay1, Neil O Fishman, Marshall M Joffe
1Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jmetlay@cceb.med.upenn.edu
Abstract:
We conducted a case-control study of adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia to identify factors associated with macrolide resistance. Study participants were identified through population-based surveillance in a 5-county region surrounding Philadelphia. Forty-three hospitals contributed 444 patients, who were interviewed by telephone regarding potential risk factors. In multivariable analyses, prior exposure to a macrolide antimicrobial agent (odds ratio [OR] 2.8), prior flu vaccination (OR 2.0), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 4.1) were independently associated with an increased probability of macrolide resistance, and a history of stroke was independently associated with a decreased probability of macrolide resistance (OR 0.2). Fifty-five percent of patients with macrolide-resistant infections reported no antimicrobial drug exposure in the preceding 6 months. Among patients who reported taking antimicrobial agents in the 6 months preceding infection, failure to complete the course of prescribed drugs was associated with an increased probability of macrolide resistance (OR 3.4).
Related Concept Videos
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA
Atypical Pneumonia
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance