Fast analysis in liquid chromatography using small particle size and high pressure

In order to enhance chromatographic performances in terms of efficiency and rapidity, LC has recently evolved in the development of short columns packed with small particles (sub-2 microm) working at high pressures (> 400 bar). This approach has been described 30 years ago according to the fundamental chromatographic equations. However, systems and columns compatible with such high pressures have been introduced in the market in 2004 only. Advantages of small particles working at high pressure will be discussed in terms of sensitivity, efficiency, resolution, and analysis time. Potential problems encountered with high pressure in terms of frictional heating and solvent compressibility will also be discussed even if systems working at a maximum pressure of 1000 bar are not influenced by these parameters and give reliable and reproducible results. Several applications will highlight the potential and interest of this new technology.