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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

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Probing surface-porphyrazine reduction potentials by molecular design.

Peng Sun¹, Hong Zong, Khalid Salaita

¹Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B

|September 15, 2006

Summary

Surface binding of porphyrazine molecules to gold does not involve strong covalent interactions. Electrochemical and spectroscopy studies show potential shifts vary smoothly with distance, ruling out direct core-metal covalent bonding.

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Area of Science:

Surface Science
Electrochemistry
Spectroscopy

Background:

Understanding molecule-surface interactions is crucial for designing functional nanomaterials.
Theoretical models dispute the nature and strength of covalent binding between porphyrazine/porphyrin and gold surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of molecule-surface distance and orientation in determining the reduction potential shift of surface-bound porphyrazine.
To resolve theoretical discrepancies regarding the covalent binding energy of porphyrazines to gold.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical measurements
Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS)
Controlled design of surface-bound porphyrazine adsorbates to vary molecule-surface distance and orientation.

Main Results:

The shift in reduction potential upon surface binding varies smoothly with molecule-surface distance.
A significant potential shift (340 mV) was observed between porphyrazines at 3.9 Å and 8.9 Å from the gold surface.
Direct covalent binding of the porphyrazine macrocyclic core to the gold surface was ruled out as the cause of the observed potential shift.

Conclusions:

The observed reduction potential shifts are not indicative of strong, direct covalent interactions between the porphyrazine core and the gold surface.
The molecule-surface distance plays a continuous role, rather than a discontinuous one, in modulating electronic properties upon surface binding.
This work clarifies the nature of electronic coupling between organic molecules and metal surfaces.