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Bluetongue: the disease in cattle.

J L Hourrigan, A L Klingsporn

    Australian Veterinary Journal
    |April 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Bluetongue virus (BT) often causes no obvious illness in cattle, but can lead to severe disease and transmission through semen and in utero. Cattle act as significant, long-term reservoirs for this virus.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Animal Health

    Background:

    • Bluetongue virus (BT) infections in cattle typically present with subclinical or mild symptoms, particularly in endemic regions like South Africa and the United States.
    • However, outbreaks outside Africa have documented overt clinical signs in cattle, indicating geographical variations in disease presentation.
    • Clinical diagnosis of BT in cattle is challenging and necessitates laboratory confirmation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the clinical presentation, transmission, and reservoir potential of Bluetongue virus in cattle.
    • To understand the role of cattle in the epidemiology of Bluetongue virus, including transmission routes and persistence.
    • To explore factors influencing the severity of Bluetongue virus disease in cattle.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation of Bluetongue virus from apparently healthy and experimentally infected cattle.
    • Observation of clinical signs in cattle during natural epizootics and experimental infections.
    • Investigation of transmission routes including vector-borne (Culicoides variipennis), in utero, and semen transmission.
    • Experimental inoculation of calves with BT virus and immunosuppressants.
    • Association of BT virus with erythrocytes and assessment of viraemia duration.

    Main Results:

    • BT virus can be isolated from healthy cattle, with most infections remaining subclinical, though some herds experience mild to severe disease (approx. 5%).
    • Epizootics outside Africa show more pronounced clinical signs in cattle.
    • Transmission occurs via Culicoides variipennis, in utero (leading to congenital issues), and through semen.
    • Experimentally infected bulls shed virus in semen, and immunosuppressed calves develop severe disease.
    • Cattle are identified as important, long-term reservoirs of BT virus, with virus closely associated with erythrocytes.

    Conclusions:

    • Cattle play a critical role as persistent reservoirs for Bluetongue virus, often without exhibiting severe clinical signs.
    • Understanding BT virus transmission dynamics in cattle, including reproductive and vector-borne routes, is crucial for disease control.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term viraemia and reservoir capacity of cattle for Bluetongue virus.

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