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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Tracking the changes in unloaded bone: Morphology and gene expression.

David A Hardiman1, Fergal J O'Brien, Patrick J Prendergast

  • 1Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

European Journal of Morphology
|September 20, 2006
PubMed
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Hindlimb suspension in rats reduced bone mass and formation rates in unloaded legs. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in c-fos and osteocalcin consistent with bone loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and biomechanics
  • Osteoporosis research
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Bone formation is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and biomechanical factors.
  • Disuse osteoporosis results from reduced mechanical loading.
  • Understanding cellular and molecular responses to unloading is crucial for developing interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of altered mechanical load on bone morphology and gene expression.
  • To utilize the hindlimb-suspension (HLS) rat model to study disuse osteoporosis.
  • To correlate histological changes with gene expression patterns in response to unloading.

Main Methods:

  • Established a rat hindlimb-suspension (HLS) model of disuse osteoporosis.
  • Quantified morphological changes using fluorescent bone labeling and histological analysis.
  • Employed SMART cDNA arrays for sensitive semi-quantitative gene expression analysis of periosteal tissue.
  • Assessed gene expression of c-fos and osteocalcin over a 14-day suspension period.

Main Results:

  • Hindlimb suspension significantly reduced bone cross-sectional area and bone formation rate in unloaded femora.
  • Unloaded femora exhibited increased circularity, indicating morphological adaptation to unloading.
  • No significant changes were observed in the loaded humeri.
  • Altered expression patterns of c-fos and osteocalcin were detected and tracked throughout the suspension period.
  • Gene expression changes correlated with observed histological alterations.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical unloading via HLS induces significant bone loss and morphological changes in rat femora.
  • SMART cDNA arrays provide a viable method for analyzing gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli.
  • Changes in c-fos and osteocalcin gene expression are associated with disuse osteoporosis and correlate with morphological adaptations.