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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
07:58

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

TAR cloning: insights into gene function, long-range haplotypes and genome structure and evolution.

Natalay Kouprina1, Vladimir Larionov

  • 1Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Building 37, Room 5032, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. kouprinn@mail.nih.gov

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|September 20, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning in yeast enables targeted isolation of large DNA segments from mammalian genomes. This method aids in analyzing gene function, genome variation, and structural rearrangements for comprehensive genomic studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Yeast Genetics

Background:

  • Mammalian genome analysis requires methods to isolate specific chromosomal segments.
  • Current techniques may have limitations in size and selectivity for complex genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning for isolating mammalian DNA segments.
  • To demonstrate the utility of TAR cloning for functional genomics and variation analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing transformation-associated recombination (TAR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Selective recovery of chromosomal segments up to 250 kb from complex mammalian DNA samples.

Main Results:

  • TAR cloning successfully isolates targeted chromosomal segments of gene-sized lengths.
  • The technique allows for the recovery of large DNA fragments (up to 250 kb).

Conclusions:

  • TAR cloning is an effective tool for analyzing mammalian genome structure and function.
  • This method facilitates the study of gene function, genome variation, and evolutionary processes.